Internet Censorship Essays -- Argumentative Web Cyberspace Essays

Internet Censorship The freedom of speech that was possible on the Internet could now be subjected to governmental approvals. For example, China is attempting to restrict political expression, in the name of security and social stability. It requires users of the Internet and electronic mail (e-mail) to register, so that it may monitor their activities. In the United Kingdom, state secrets and personal attacks are off limits on the Internet. Laws are strict and the government is extremely interested in regulating the Intern et with respect to these issues.10 Laws intended for other types of communication will not necessarily apply in this medium. Through all the components of the Internet it becomes easy to transfer material that particular governments might find objectionable. However, all of these means of communicating on the Internet make up a large and vast system. For inspectors to monitor every e-mail, every article in every Newsgroup, every Webpage, every IRC channel, every Gopher site and every FTP site would be near impossible. Besides taking an extraordinary amount of money and time, attempts to censor the Internet violate freedom of speech rights that are included in democratic constitutions and international laws.11 It would be a breach of the First Amendment. The Constitution of the United States of America declares that Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redr ess of grievances 12 Therefore it would b e unconstitutional for any sort of censorship to occur on the Internet and affiliated services. Despite the illegality, restrictions on Internet access and content are increasing worldwide under all forms of government. In France, a co untry where the press generally has a large amount of freedom, the Internet has recently been in the spotlight. A banned book on the health history of former French president Francois Mitterrand was republished electronically on the World Wide Web (WWW). Apparently, the electronic reproduction of Le Grand Secret by a third party wasn't banned by a court that ruled that the printed version of the book unlawfully violated Mitterrand's privacy. To enforce censorship of the Internet, free societi... ... distributed, as well it shows the difficulty in preventing material deemed inappropriate from appearing where it shouldn't. The Internet is much too complex a network for censorship to effectively occur. It is a totally new and unique environment in which communications transpire. Existing laws are not applicable to this medium. The lack of tangible boundaries causes confusion as to where violations of law take place. The Internet is made up of nameless interaction and anonymous communication. The intricacy of the Internet makes it near impossible to delete data that has been publicized. No one country should be allowed to, or could, regulate or censor the Internet. Bibliography Bradford, Bryan and Mark Krumholz. Telecommunications and Decency: Big Brother goes Digital. Business Today Spring 1996 : 12-16. Gates, Bill. Searching for middle ground in online censorship. Microsoft Corporation. http://www.microsoft.com/corpinfo/bill-g/column/1996essay/censorship.htm (27 Mar. 1996). Irwin, Heather. Geeks Take to the Streets. Hotwired.com. http://www.hotwired.com/special/indecent/rally.html Jefferson, Thomas. Bill Of Rights. The Constitution of the United States.

Freedom of the Press

Freedom of the Press – liberty to print or to otherwise disseminate information, as in print, by broadcasting, or through electronic media, without prior restraints such as licensing requirements or content review and without subsequent punishment for what is said. Freedom of the press or freedom of the media is the freedom of communication and expression through mediums including various electronic media and published materials. While such freedom mostly implies the absence of interference from an overreaching state, its preservation may be sought through constitutional or other legal protections.With respect to governmental information, any government may distinguish which materials are public or protected from disclosure to the public based on classification of information as sensitive, classified or secret and being otherwise protected from disclosure due to relevance of the information to protecting the national interest. Many governments are also subject to sunshine laws or freedom of information legislation that are used to define the ambit of national interest. Freedom of the press, which has been limited not only by governments but at times by churches, is bsolute in no country.In modern democracies it is rarely attacked by overt forms of censorship but is often compromised by governments' ability to withhold information, by self-censorship in reaction to various pressures, by selective government â€Å"leaking† of information or disinformation, and by other factors. In the United States, freedom of the press and the broader freedom of speech are protected by the First Amendment to the Constitution and are considered fundamental rights of the people. In practice, though, some kinds of speech and publication (e. g. bscenity or violations of copyright) are considered outside the amendment's purview, and others, like commercial speech (advertising or product claims), receive a reduced level of protection. In addition, broadcasters are subjec t to government licensing requirements. The protections to be afforded users of on-line computer services, the Internet, and other new means of publication are the focus of a developing debate; in 1996 a federal district court panel struck down the new Communications Decency Act, holding that Internet communications were entitled to he same degree of protection as printed communications.History Historically, restriction of the press has occurred in two ways. The first may be either censorship or mandatory licensing by the government in advance of publication; the second is punishment for printed material, especially that considered by the government to be seditious libel. Censorship of the press began not long after the invention of the printing press. Pope Alexander VI issued (1501) a notice requiring printers to submit copy to church authorities before publication, in order to prevent heresy.Penalties for bypassing the censors included fines and excommunication. Key Principles -Pu blishing was liberalized, with the law requiring only that publishers present their names to the authorities and deposit two copies of every work. -The authorities were ene the power to suppress newspapers. -This nad previously enabled prosecutions of critics of the government, monarchy and church, or of those who argued for controversial ideas on property rights. The scope of libel was severely reduced, with the criteria for defamation being much more tightly defined -A limited umber of â€Å"press offences† was retained, including outraging public morals, and insulting high-ranking public officials including the President of the Republic, heads of foreign states and ambassadors. Scope -It applies to statements made publicly, whether through oral or printed means. -In recent years, French courts have repeatedly ruled that the law also applies to defamatory content communicated via the World Wide Web.Defenses -Truth of the defamatory statement is available as a defense in mos t libel cases other than those concerning the privacy of the plaintiff. Where privacy is infringed, truth is not an absolute defense, though some latitude is permitted if the plaintiff is a public figure. – A plea of good faith is permitted by the courts in circumstances where the issues at stake concern matters of public interest. A defendant may be acquitted on that basis if the court is satisfied that the defendant has carried out at least a basic verification of the source of the information on which the defamatory statement is based.The Universal Declaration of Human Rights states: â€Å"Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right includes reedom to hold opinions without interference, and impart information and ideas through any media regardless of frontiers† This philosophy is usually accompanied by legislation ensuring various degrees of freedom of scientific research (known as scientific freedom), publishing, press and printing the d epth to which these laws are entrenched in a country's legal system can go as far down as its constitution.The concept of freedom of speech is often covered by the same laws as freedom of the press, thereby giving equal treatment to spoken and published expression. Freedom of the Press CONSTITUTIONAL GUARANTEETeodoro, et al on the book Freedom Of Expression And The Media In The Philippines Chapter I: History of Freedom of the Press demonstrated how the commitment to free speech and expression, the right to information and press freedom, with which the leaders of both the 19th century Philippine Reform Movement and the 1896 Revolution were familiar, was continued in the Malolos Constitution of the First Philippine Republic, this was nearly 115 years ago. These provisions did not only survived, but were expanded, in the country's subsequent Constitutions. The freedom of speech and expression, the right to information and press freedom were guaranteed in the Philippine Constitution as follows: The Malolos constitution guaranteed that no Filipino would be deprived of â€Å"the right to freely express his ideas or opinions, orally or in writing, through the use of press and similar means†.The guarantee of the 1987 Constitution in Section 4, Article 3 (Bill of Rig hts) which says that â€Å"No law shall be passed abridging the freedom of speech, of expression, or of the press or the right of the people peaceably to assemble and petition the government for redress of grievances.† Section 7 also states that â€Å"the right of the people to information on matters of public concern shall be recognized. Access to official records, and to documents, and papers pertaining to official acts, transactions or decisions, as well as to government research data used as basis for policy development shall be afforded to the citizen, subject to such limitations as may be provided by law† Another relevant provision is on Section 28, Article 2 which says that â€Å"subject to reasonable conditions prescribed by law, the State adopts and implements a policy of full public disclosure of all its transactions involving public interest.† In the same article, section 24, the constitution also says that â€Å"the State recognizes the vital role o f communication in nation building.†PRESS FREEDOM (PLUS RIGHT TO INFORMATION) EQUALS TO FREEDOM OF SPEECH AND EXPRESSIONClearly, you cannot talk about freedom of the press without mentioning the freedom of speech and expression and the right to  information. In an article on Human Rights Issues in Criminal Justice, it stated that â€Å"the concept of freedom of speech is often covered by the same laws as freedom of the press, thereby giving equal treatment to spoken and published expression.† Most have concluded that freedom of the press derives from freedom of speech.According to Chief Justice Warren E. Burger of the United States Supreme Court, conferring special status on the press requires that the courts or the government determine who or what the press is and what activities fall under its special protection. Burger further concluded that the free speech guarantees of the First Amendment (of the US Constitution) adequately ensure freedom of the press, and that t here is no need to distinguish between the two rights, simply â€Å"Because the First Amendment was meant to guarantee freedom to express and communicate ideas, I can see no difference between the right of those who seek to disseminate ideas by way of a newspaper and those who give lectures or speeches and seek to enlarge the audience by publication and wide dissemination.†IMPORTANCE OF EXERCISING FREEDOM OF SPEECH AND EXPRESSION, RIGHT TO INFORMATION AND PRESS FREEDOM TO THE FULLEST EXTENTWith relation to guarantees or assurances in the constitution, it is therefore essential that these freedom, the people of the Republic of Philippines enjoy must be exercised to the fullest extent as provided by the Philippine Constitution for the following benefits: 1. Individual’s unlimited access to the ideas of his fellow men in â€Å"a free and open encounter†. John Milton’s (an English civil servant for the Commonwealth of England under Oliver Cromwell) central ar gument was that â€Å"the individual is capable of using reason and distinguishing right from wrong, good from bad†, and that to be able to fully exercise this ration right is that â€Å"he must have unlimited access to the ideas of his fellow men in ‘a free and open encounter’†. It is in Milton’s pamphlet Areopagitica and other writings that the concept of the â€Å"open marketplace of ideas† was developed. This is the idea that when people argue against each other, the good arguments will prevail resulting to good judgment and decisions.2. Well-being of the society and its creation to becoming a good society. According to John Stuart Mill (an English philosopher, political economist  and civil servant) with his 19th century utilitarian viewpoint that â€Å"a good society is one in which the greatest number of persons enjoy the greatest possible amount of happiness†. And that attaining this amount of happiness is â€Å"to apply the general principles of liberty to freedom of expression†. Mill further stated that â€Å"if we silence an opinion, we may silence the truth†.As expressed in his book On Liberty: â€Å"If all mankind minus one, were of one opinion, and one, and only one person were of the contrary opinion, mankind would be no more justified in silencing that one person, than he, if he had the power, would be justified in silencing mankind†. In the words of the Committee to Protect Journalist: â€Å"Without a free press, few human rights are attainable. A strong press freedom environment encourages the growth of a robust civil society, which leads to stable, sustainable democracies and healthy social, political, and economic development.†3. Attainment of information from a diversity of sources, Decision making, and communication to the government. Rather than having the government establish and dictate the truth, freedom of speech enables the truth to emerge from diverse opi nions. Concurring in Whitney v. California (1927), Justice Louis Brandeis wrote that â€Å"freedom to think as you will and to speak as you think are means indispensable to the discovery and spread of political truth.†4. Facilitation of Majority Rule.On a communal level, it is through talking and gathering information that we encourage consensus, that we form a collective will. Whether the answers we reach are wise or foolish, free speech helps us ensure that the answers usually conform to what most people think. As stated by the World Association of Newspapers: â€Å"We have seen repeatedly throughout the world, that censorship and control of information serves the interest of a privileged few; the rule of law is negatively affected, human rights ignored and impunity and corruption unchecked. In contrast, a free, diverse and responsible media promotes transparency and accountability, informs public debate and helps to ensure governments address the concerns and aspirations of all citizens.†5. Improvement of the Means of Participation.On an individual level, speech and gathering information is the vehicle through which individuals debate the issues of the day, cast their votes, and actively join in the processes of decision-making that shape the polity. Free speech serves the individual’s right to join the political fray, to stand up and be counted, to be an active player in the democracy and not just a passive spectator.6. Embrace of the aspect of individualismIn the words of Justice Thurgood Marshall in the 1974 case Procunier v. Martinez, â€Å"The First Amendment serves not only the needs of the polity but also those of the human spirit – a spirit that demands self-expression.† Freedom of speech is the right to defiantly, robustly and irreverently speak one’s mind just because it is one’s mind. Freedom of speech is thus bonded in special and unique ways to the human capacity to think, imagine and create. Con science and consciousness are the sacred precincts of mind and soul.Freedom of speech is intimately linked to freedom of thought, to that central capacity to reason and wonder, hope and believe, that largely defines our humanity. (NOTE: The US First Amendment states that â€Å"Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.†)WITH GREAT POWER COMES GREAT RESPONSIBILITYOn a recent article on lincoln.edu about â€Å"Freedom of the Speech and Freedom of Press† it stated that â€Å"the freedom of the press, like freedom of speech, is not absolute. Notwithstanding the limitations placed on it, the press exercises enormous power and influence, and is burdened with commensurate responsibility†. Because journalists generally have access to more infor mation than does the average individual, they serve as the eyes, ears, and voice of the public. Some legal scholars even argue that the press is an important force in the democratic system of checks and balances. The job of a free press, the article added; is to â€Å"keep an eye on the government†, to make sure it stays â€Å"honest and responsive† to the people of the country.A  free press also has an important role in government. Sometimes called the â€Å"Fourth Branch of Government† (as well as the President, Congress and the Supreme Court) the press does not simply report events. Teodoro, et al. further stated that the press and media have â€Å"had an increasingly influential impact on public policy, governmental decisions and popular attitudes†. And by all means, I’ll end with: FREEDOM CAN ONLY SURVIVE IN A SOCIETY THAT DEMANDS IT! THOSE WHO STAY SILENT WILL FOREVER BE HAUNTED BY ITS GHOST THAT FADES IN THE LIGHT OF FEAR AND BLIND CONFORM ITY. Freedom of the Press Our most important amendment , The First Amendment allows we the people to voice our opinions, obtain and publish information and opinions without the fear of government retribution. Infringing on freedom of the press is included in America’s greatest amendment. Although freedom of the press allows an endless amount of information abroad, It also allows for the use of propaganda. Freedom of the Press doesn't protect slander.When Freedom of the Press was added, it was to ensure that the government wouldn't censor the people’s opinions in newspapers and to expose schemes and information that some people might want hidden. Framers also wanted to sure Americans could continue to make informed decisions on how their nation is run. Without freedom of the press, the government could have also limited who could be a journalist , as well as be the only organization allowed to make newspapers. The only information that cannot be obtained through the media is information that is o bscene or classified because it could compromise the very future of America. Information that cannot be leaked are things like nuclear secrets.Most nations protects its best national interest by making sure classified information is not spread to those that could take advantage. Most of us use our freedom of the press right and we don't even know. Everytime you go on the internet to look something up. If the internet was made before the first amendment it would probably be censored and regulated by the government more harshly than it already is. The government doesn't care about opinions posted but it mostly removes copyrighted materials and illegal activities. Propaganda ensures the people only get the information the government wants them to have.The government often uses propaganda in harsh times, like times of war to get the people to help support the war effort. Freedom of the press can be abused ensure that everybody thinks in the way the government wants, all forms of informa tion were controlled. Otherwise, the government leaders could be voted against and administration. Before the internet, it was easier for the government to use propaganda but with the internet they would have to go through a lot more censoring. Although freedom of the press  doesn't protect slander, that doesn't mean false information cannot get printed in the newspaper.Peoples reputation could be damaged and once false information is printed in a newspaper, it can't be taken out of the people’s minds. Journalists can just tell half of a story and no one would be able to go against him or speak out In the court case People v. Croswell that happened in 1804, Harry Croswell was convicted for printing a story critiquing President Thomas Jefferson in his newspaper. His defense was that what he printed was the truth. You can't be retributed for acknowledging the truth. If Croswell made false accusations against the president, he would have been sentenced for slander, it is not o k to lie on a persons reputation.Freedom of the press expanded more than framers could have ever imagined, its literal meaning ended up adapting to new forms of media as needed. The Framers never expected that it could end up protecting rights on the internet. Because of the Lovell v. City of Griffin case in 1938 the freedom of the press right has been extended to media including newspapers, books, plays, movies, and video games. On May 16th of 2013 the Senate Judiciary proposed a new bill in the Senate, S.987, euphemistically titled, â€Å"Free Flow of Information Act of 2013.† The bill was an attempt to change who can be considered a journalist by not allowing citizen journalists to voice their opinions in the press. journalists would have had to be hired by the government which would have lowered current protection in the first Amendment.I appreciate the Freedom of the press and i am glad that it has Freedom of the Press, along with the other Freedoms that it protects. Fre edom of the press isnt perfect, as seen in World War II when both sides used propaganda to get their point across, America used posters to influence people to buy war bonds, and get men to want to join the army, while Germany engaged in propaganda Hitler took over the press, he spread lies blaming Jews for all of Germany's problems. Even Though freedom of the press isnt perfect, i still appreciate one of our greatest freedoms, without it we would be living a censored life.

The Elusiveness of War and the Tenuousness of Morality in...

The Elusiveness of War and the Tenuousness of Morality in Tim O’Brien’s â€Å"The Things They Carried,† â€Å"How to Tell a True War Story,† and â€Å"Style† nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;In the novel The Things They Carried, Tim O’Brien demonstrates how exposure to the atrocities of nations at war leads to the soldiers having skewed perspectives on what is right and wrong, predominantly at times when the purpose of the war itself appears elusive. The ambiguity that consumes the stories of â€Å"The Things They Carried† and â€Å"How to Tell a True War Story† is displayed with irony, for the ‘moral’ of such war stories is that there is no moral at all. O’Brien portrays the character Mitchell Sanders as an observer who seeks the morals to be found through the war†¦show more content†¦Lavender’s death also reaches a point of irony when Sanders claims that the moral to the situation is in fact the immorality of it, saying â€Å"The moral’s pretty obvious. Stay away from drugs. No joke, they’ll ruin your day every time† (20). Sanders is focusing on Lavender’s corr upt ways in order to convey the lesson of his death, and he is ironically doing so as he partakes in those very debauched ways himself. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Similarly to Cross’ approach to dealing with the death of Lavender, Rat Kiley experiences much difficulty and trauma from the death of his friend Curt Lemon and feels partially responsible. Following Lemon’s death, Kiley went into the mountains and â€Å"came across a baby VC water buffalo [†¦]He stepped back and shot it through the right front knee[†¦]Curt Lemon was dead. Rat Kiley had lost his best friend in the world†(78-79). The frustrations of being a soldier in Vietnam and fighting at times for a cause that has no apparent solution causes the men to have questionable judgment. When it comes to upholding the standards they used to abide by when living in a place free of so much animosity and mortality, the soldiers must first overcome the oppressive weight of the war that confuses their moral views. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Moral ambiguity is clear in the short story of â€Å"Style† as Henry Dobbins strongly defends a young girl,

The Patient Affordable Care Act - 1100 Words

The Patient Affordable Care Act also known as the Obamacare was created on March 23, 2012. The Affordable Care Act is a health care law that aims to ensure that all Americans have access to quality, affordable healthcare by increasing access to health coverage for Americans and introducing new protections for people who already have health insurance this law will hopefully create the transformation within the health care system necessary to contain cost. The ACA law puts in place comprehensive health insurance reforms that will roll out over four years and beyond, with most changes taking place by 2014. The Affordable care act has nine titles which help in addressing the reform quality, affordable health care for all Americans, the role†¦show more content†¦I believe this area of the ACA law will be successful. Already reports convey that 40,000 Americans with pre existing medical conditions gained affordable coverage through the federally administered Pre-Existing Conditi on Insurance plan. Not allowing Insurance companies to raise premiums on individuals with these pre existing conditions will allow many American to purchase health insurance within their means. I believe that this portion of the Affordable care act will improve a person’s quality of life because they will have access to hospitals, doctors, prescriptions drugs, and variety of treatment in order to maintain comfort ability depending on the severity of their pre existing condition such as cancer, diabetes or arthritis. Moreover, another area I chose to elaborate from the Affordable Care is helping young adults by requiring insurers to allow all dependents to remain on their parents plan until the age of 26. This regulation applies to all plans in the person market, all new employer plans, and existing employer plans if the young adult is not eligible for employer coverage on his or her own. This portion of the Affordable Care Act will begin in 2014; children up to age 26 will be able to remain on their parent’s employer plan even if they have an offer of coverage through their own employer. Before this health care reform, insurance companies could remove enrolled children usually at age 19, sometimes older ifShow MoreRelatedThe Affordable Patient Care Act1033 Words   |  5 Pages The Affordable Patient Care Act Sheila Elyse Brooks Stanbridge College August 21, 2014 Introduction President Obama established the Affordable Care Act (PPACA) in 2010. It was intended to provide Americans with better healthcare security by putting in place comprehensiveRead MoreAffordable Care Act-. 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I will then go over how four of the nine titles have affected how nurses provide care. I will finalize my paper by reflecting upon what I have learned from theRead MoreThe Patient Protection And Affordable Care Act1057 Words   |  5 PagesMaureen Omondi Patrick Gilbert Govt 2305 5 February 2015 The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act The Patient Protection and Affordable care Act also known as Affordable Care Act, Obama Care and ACA is an act signed into law by the current president of the United States, Barack Obama in March 23, 2010. Beginning in 2014, any failure to purchase minimum coverage will result in a person being fined. Also included in the Act are individual mandate requirements, expanding public programs, healthRead MorePatient Protection with the Affordable Care Act1516 Words   |  6 PagesThe Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA) commonly called the Affordable Care Act (ACA) or ObamaCare is a federal statute of the United States signed by President Barack Obama on March 23rd, 2010. As the name suggests, the new health care law is made up of the Affordable Health care for America Act and the Patient Protection Act. It also includes amendment to other laws like Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act. The main purpose of this complex legislation is to provide Americans with affordableRead MoreThe Patient Protection And Affordable Care Act1710 Words   |  7 PagesThe Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act is a highly controversial act of the United States government commonly referred to as ObamaCare. 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Also the Act was put into place to reduce the cost of health care. The morbidity and mortality rates in the United States have decreased since the Act was in place in 2010. The Act is also helping the goals of Healthy People 2020 that was implemented, but there is still more improvements

The Fall of Communism in Russia Essay - 1697 Words

Communism: A scheme of equalizing the social conditions of life; specifically, a scheme which contemplates the abolition of inequalities in the possession of property, as by distributing all wealth equally to all, or by holding all wealth in common for the equal use and advantage of all. (K. Marx) What Karl Marx had set out in his Communist Manifesto as guide lines for the governing of a state was proved to work to the contrary of its good intentions when applied in Russia. During 1989 the world looked on with amusement as the communist government in the U.S.S.R collapsed and was replaced with a government committed to democracy and the free market. The ethics of brother hood, equality, the†¦show more content†¦But as time progressed and leaders turned dictators, turned tyrants, and established absolute power over the state. Too much power was transferred to the hands of one man and corruption ensuing came into play. The political policies of the USSR did not live up to their Marxist Leninist ideals; separating state and society into un-equal classes; in turn causing resentment amongst the society and deterring the majorities support for a communist way of life. Russias first leader, Lenin kept Marxist Communism as a basis of government but interpreted the theology on his own terms (Marxist, Leninist Communism). Lenin himself was not a worker fighting for the workers plight, he was an elite who took office and promised his people the elimination of classes, guaranteed employment, the creation of a comprehensive social security and welfare system for all citizens that would end the misery of workers once and for all (D. B. Wolf, 56). But in order to achieve a truly Communist state, Lenin ordered the suppression of any dissent or opposition(D. B. Wolf, 57). Lenin managed to gain control over all aspects of influence in the society; censorship and the subordination of interest groups such as trade unions, newspapers, and influential writers was imposed to stop dissention and increase conformity to the new governmentShow MoreRelatedThe Fall of Communism in Russia/Soviet Union Essay1460 Words   |  6 PagesCommunism in the USSR was doomed fr om the onset. Communism was condemned due to lack of support from other nations, condemned due to corruption within its leadership, condemned due to the moral weakness of humanity, making what is perfect on paper, ineffective in the real world. The end of this system was very violent. It left one of the two most powerful nations in the world fearful of what was to come. brbrCommunism can either be called a concept or system of society. In a society that followsRead More Economic Reform in Russia Essay1265 Words   |  6 PagesEconomic Reform in Russia Formerly the preeminent republic of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, Russia has been an independent nation since the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. Because of its great size, its natural resources, and its political domination, the Russian Federation played a leading role in the economy of the Soviet Union. In the years preceding the disintegration of the union in 1991, the economy of Russia and the union as a whole was in decline. In 1992, immediatelyRead MoreThe Communist System696 Words   |  3 Pages Before getting deep into the topic of communism, it helps to know what communism is. The system has six defining characteristics: a monopoly of power, rigid discipline and strict hierarchy, it contains a centralized command economy (which fixed prices on everything produced), the state owns production, also the citizen’s sense of belonging to communism, and finally, the desire of the citizen to further the communist cause. (Brown, 2) The communist system also demands total submission toRead More The Importance of Trotsky, Lenin and Stalin to the Communist Dictatorship in Russia1300 Words   |  6 Pagesbringing the Communist Dictatorship in Russia from 1917 - 1939. All three of them wouldnt be able to make progresses without each other. The basement or a trigger to communism in Russia was Lenin as he was the organizer. He has been studying Marxism and Socialism for many years and in the result he has brought the October Revolution in 1917 to Russia. In addition Lenin has written many books in order to spread the idea of communism. 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Analysing the Effect of Management Skills-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Focuseon the gall up Strengths Possessed by an individual and the effect of the same over the Managerial skills of an individual. Answer: Introduction The current topic focuses on the gall up strengths possessed by an individual and the effect of the same over the managerial skills of an individual. In response to the collective reviews about employee engagement, one could find that after a year almost 49% of the employees felt not engaged at work and only 18% were actively disengaged. The study has been supported by the research conducted by the US based consulting firm Gallup Organization. In this respect, the Gallup organizations Clifton strengths finder could be used as an online measure of talent possessed by an individual for building and managing business processes within an organization. Team skill: The goal over here is to increase the productivity of the organization by effective management of teams. In this respect, the skills have been further divided into management skill, leadership skill, negotiation and team building skills. The gall up team skills are based upon theory and researches done through semi-structured interviews. The Clifton strengths finder is to initiate strength-based development process in work setting (Southwick et al. 2017). The questions asked though such survey helps in psychometric analysis and selection of the right individuals for achieving maximum team productivity. In this respect, the importance of the team skills have been further analysed and discussed through the assignment. The Clifton strengths finder was used by me to access the pair of strengths and weaknesses possessed by me. By taking the test I qualified as a relator, restorative, empathetic and positive individual. I further found that some of the attributes possessed by me could be maximized for development of better team building skills. I being a relator could connect easily with the people in my team, which helped me in performing better as a part of a team. This is also important in interacting with the clients and could make the negotiation skills much stronger, which serves as an effective means of Public relations. Thus, possessing a positive mindset continuously encourages me in improving my performance within the team and also individually. I could also use the same for motivating my fellow team members. As commented by DeBourgh and Prion (2017), positivity upholds the organizational culture. In this respect, past exposures to similar work experiences could also help me in finding out the loopholes or the gaps within the organizational process. I think being experienced and restorative would help me in addressing the challenges in successful delivery of the PR activities. One of the most important aspects of the PR activities is to take accountability of the services being delivered to the clients. Sometimes the glitches suffered in the customer services could be repaired by being more empathetic and restorative in ones approach towards the clientele. As commented by Anthony?McMann et al. (2017), the capabilities of being empathetic and relator also enables one to analyse the situation of the client better. This helps in personalized service delivery and developing better relationship with the clients, which further helps the organization in achieving a loyal customer base. My ability to ponder and reflect over individual skills can help in bringing together different capabilities, which could further help in enhancing the performance of the team as a whole. The individualization approach could also help me in understanding the different patterns if client demands. As asserted by Southwick et al. (2017), the more diversified the team is, the better is the learning opportunities offered. Relationship building is one of the most important team skills and acts glue in holding the team together through every thick and thin. A positive relationship building approach could also help me in being motivated for longer period of time. The evaluation through the different set of Gallup skills helps in further analysing the employee engagement policies with respect to any business organization. A cumulative positive reply emphasizes upon sufficient interaction and support from the management, whereas a low score calls for much improvement in the overall team building skills (Busch and Davis, 2017). Management skill The management skill is based upon the communication approaches undertaken for dealing with the client. As a manager, I need to relate to my client for understanding their requirements better. Some of the skills possessed by me which could help me in developing better public relations are that of an empathizer and that of Relator. I need to be friendly in my communication perspective with the team members and the respective clients. As commented by Treadway et al. (2014), an empathetic approach is often seen as people extended support that helps them to confide and share. In this respect Anthony?McMann (2017), providing timely and courteous reply to the client is one of the effective public relations strategies which could be used by me over here. I also need to justify and emphasize the goals and objectives of the client during drafting up a publicity strategy for them. Therefore, being a relator would help me in establishing the said task and objectives. Skill of leadership The leadership skill is mainly attributed to a set of qualifications possessed by an individual for guiding the desired objectives of his team. The leadership skills would help me in achieving organizational learning along with ensuring effective collaboration within the teammates. As commented by Anthony?McMann et al. (2017), efficient leadership approaches help in providing right direction to the organizational or collective approaches. I can use the kouzes and Posner leadership style in order to evaluate and enhance my leadership approaches. It has been further discussed in detail with respect to the PR strategies and goals. I can use positivity to motivate my teammates. Additionally, practising the skills of individualization can help me in understanding the demands of my clients better. Factors Attributes Modelling I need to align actions with personal and shared values, which helps in better understanding the goals. Inspire Share my personal aspirations with the team Lay out the possibilities for achieving positive PR outcomes in front of the team Challenge Risk taking and learning from past mistakes Drawing out innovative ways to desired change and improvement Enable I need to promote active participation of my teammates in the decision-making process Fostering collaboration by promoting cooperative goals Encourage I need appreciate my subordinates frequently for the good work put up by them I can encourage my team members by providing them with additional responsibilities Table 2: leadership skills (Source: Author) Negotiation skill The negotiation skills are relatively important to understanding and addressing the organizational and individual dilemmas. I can use some of the negotiating skills such as active listening and tact and diplomacy to diffuse tensions. As commented by Pastor et al. (2015), the process of negotiation is based on finding out the gap and closing the gap by reaching an agreement. The entire process of negotiation can be carried out in a number of stages such as planning, climate setting, identification of the issue, narrowing down the gap. One of the PR strategies which could be implied by me is analysing the situation from both individuals as well as the perspective of the client. As commented by Nelson (2015), practising mutuality in negotiation can help in development of a positive relationship with the client. In this respect, the relator skills possessed by me could help in empathizing or understanding the problem situation of the client. Skill of team building The aspect of team building is one of the most important aspects which govern the success of the public relation activities. The team building skill can be developed and enhanced by me on a personal level by practising the 12 Cs of team bonding. These have been described as- clear expectations, context, commitment, competence, charter, control, collaboration, communication, consequences, coordination, culture change. In order to expand upon each of the above-mentioned roles, I need to develop and strengthen my restorative and individualization skills. The restorative skills would allow me to incorporate sufficient care in handling and management of the cumulative risks taken by the team as a whole. The role of leader is to make everyone seem like a hero as part of the team. Therefore, I need to use individualization approaches for highlighting the hidden talents of each member of the team and utilize the same for team building. Conclusion The survey was conducted for the purpose of analysing the effect of management skills on up scaling the employee performance. The goal of a manager is to unite discrete personalities for maximization of the organizational goals and objectives. The major team oriented skills which should be possessed are establishment of a focused objective for the team, empowering the team members, developing the performance of individual team members, use of good interpersonal skills such as affective communication and negotiation standards for clearly communicating the team goals and objectives. In order to become a successful in implementing team skills active and collaborative working along with focussing on both the product and productivity at a time can help in improving the public relations and achieving positive results References Anthony?McMann, P.E., Ellinger, A.D., Astakhova, M. and Halbesleben, J.R., (2017). Exploring different operationalizations of employee engagement and their relationships with workplace stress and burnout.Human Resource Development Quarterly,28(2), pp.163-195. Busch, P.S. and Davis, S.W., (2017). Inside Out Personal Branding (IOPB): Using Gallup Clifton StrengthsFinder 2.0 and 360Reach.Marketing Education Review, pp.1-16. DeBourgh, G.A. and Prion, S.K., (2017). Student-Directed Video Validation of Psychomotor Skills Performance: A Strategy to Facilitate Deliberate Practice, Peer Review, and Team Skill Sets.International Journal of Nursing Education Scholarship,14(1). Foster, A., (2015). PDK/GALLUP poll: When answers mean more questions.The Education Digest,80(6), p.35. Holtzman, D.M. and Kraft, E.M., (2016). Skills Needed in the Workplace: A Comparison of the Results of Feedback from Representatives of Large and Small Businesses in New Jersey, pp.15-25.. Nelson, R., (2015). Seeking job satisfaction with a mix of skills.EE-Evaluation Engineering,54(10), pp.4-5. Pstor, ?., Stambaugh, R.F. and Taylor, L.A., (2015). Scale and skill in active management.Journal of Financial Economics,116(1), pp.23-45. Southwick, F.S., Martini, B.L., Charney, D.S. and Southwick, S.M., (2017). Leadership and Resilience. InLeadership Today(pp. 315-333). Berlin: Springer International Publishing, p.25. Taneja, S., Sewell, S.S. and Odom, R.Y., (2015). A culture of employee engagement: A strategic perspective for global managers.Journal of Business Strategy,36(3), pp.46-56. Treadway, D.C., Douglas, C., Ellen III, B.P., Summers, J.K. and Ferris, G.R., (2014). Leader political skill and team effectiveness: The positioning of political skill in the framework of leader competencies.Leader interpersonal and influence skills: The soft skills of leadership, pp.173-206.

Psychological effects of parental employment and early childcare on individuals today

Women being the key players in child care and development have resulted to joining the labor force because of the financial pressure facing families and changes in societal roles for the female gender. However no matter what the reason is, it is affecting today’s child development enormously, this is because children have social needs that have to be met and this can be best done by a parent and not a day care program or a nanny as that is the system currently.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Psychological effects of parental employment and early childcare on individuals today specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Parental employment has led to children being enrolled to schools before they are ready for it and due to this many of them get discouraged and disoriented because of the school system and hence drop out at an early stage. If they do not get encouragement or support to go back to school they grow int o adulthood where they begin a life of struggling in order to survive trough any means hence, all the vices characterizing today’s society. Children lacking parental attention tend to take drugs in their adulthood because they feel desperate and unwanted hence seeking refuge in narcotics. This children also often become very defiant and antisocial, they consider adult advice as boring and mere talk and,they also grow to be very distant from their parents some even disown them completely. Forming any kind of relationship with other people also becomes difficult because they have not been taught to do so in childhood. Jacqui (1997) explains that â€Å"infant mortality is the number of deaths of children below one year for every a 1000 live births and the type of death could be neonatal, that is, death before 29 days after birth and post neonatal after the 29 days.† This division is due to the difference in cause of death at these ages. The rate of deaths has been high in the past but it has gradually reduced due to improvement of basic health, improved technology and more trained personnel in the medical field. The major cause of death has been dehydration from diarrhea; however this has reduced due to the education of mothers about the oral rehydration solution. Currently pneumonia is the most common cause of infant death, other major causes of death are: Congenital defectsAdvertising Looking for report on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More These are birth defects and they occur while the fetus is still in the womb, they affect the looks or the functioning of the body. Physical defects are such as cleft lip and palates while functional defects involve the body organs such as the; heart, lungs, kidneys, liver and there are also chromosomal abnormalities like Down’s syndrome, those that are very severe lead to infant death. Preterm Birth and Low Birth Weight-Preterm birth is bi rth before the required period of pregnancy is over that is 37 weeks while low birth weight is weight below 2.5 kilogram’s or 2500 grams. Regardless of the length of pregnancy, also referred to as short conception phase, is a span of pregnancy less than 38 weeks. In 2005 babies the number if infant deaths due to these two factors were 4698. The WHO noted that â€Å"Maternal difficulties of Pregnancy-These include preeclampsia, placenta previa, incompetent cervix, umbilical cord and placenta complications among many others; they arise during pregnancy and lead to infant death especially at the time of birth.† Other causes of infant death include malaria, malnutrition, infections, child abuse, abandonment, sexually transmitted diseases and sudden infant death syndrome† (Wegman, 2001). In developed countries the major cause of death is low birth weight which can be improved through prenatal care to encourage mothers to feed well because most fear gaining weight due to the pregnancy. In developing countries the major problems are diarrhea, infectious diseases and HIV/Aids, they can control this by improving basic health care and providing health education to mothers. Reference List Jacqui, W. (1997). Baby Milk Companies Accused of Breaching Marketing Code. British Medical Journal, pg. 167–169. Retrieved from http://www.deathreference.com/Me-Nu/Mortality-Infant.html#ixzz0qGjLsLkK Wegman, M. E. (2001). Infant Mortality in the 20th Century, Dramatic but Uneven Progress. Journal of Nutrition, pg. 131. Retrieved from http://www.deathreference.com/Me-Nu/Mortality-Infant.html#ixzz0qGjLsLkK This report on Psychological effects of parental employment and early childcare on individuals today was written and submitted by user Colten B. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.